More than 22% of the world's agricultural land is saline, and this trend continues to increase with climate changes. Salinity stress causes leaf color change, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, prevents growth, photosynthesis and plant performance. Due to their size less than micron, metal NANOPARTICLES have a great absorption and transmission power in plants. Salinity stress is a major problem in hot and dry areas under tomato cultivation. For this purpose, investigating the mutual effects of the size and type of zinc OXIDE and iron OXIDE NANOPARTICLES on the improvement and change of growth and increasing the resistance to salt stress in tomato plants of the early urbana variety were carried out in the form of a completely randomized and factorial design with 4 replications, at a significant level of 5%. In this research, zinc OXIDE NANOPARTICLES in 25 and 50 nm sizes, iron OXIDE in 25 nm sizes and sodium chloride in 0 and 75 mM levels were used. NANOPARTICLES and salinity treatments were both applied to the plants. The results showed that salt stress led to a decrease in plant growth parameters such as shoot and root length, leaf area, RWC, ion leakage. Also, NaCl led to an increase in the accumulation of prolin and other aldehydes, sodium, iron and zinc. The application of NANOPARTICLES had a slight effect in stress-free conditions, but in stressed conditions, these two NANOPARTICLES alone and especially in combination neutralized the effect of salinity and reduced the damage caused by salinity stress.

In the current study, COPPER-OXIDE (CuO) NANOPARTICLES were synthesized using solution combustion method with COPPER (II) nitrate as the precursor and using two different fuels, urea and citric acid. The NANOPARTICLES were synthesized at two different temperatures of 300 C and 500 C. In total, four COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES were synthesized. The fuel and precursors were mixed with distilled water and placed in a muffle furnace until no visible combustion was observed. Furthermore, the synthesized NANOPARTICLES were characterized by UV-Visible spectrophotometry (UV-Vis), Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD), and Fourier Transform Infrared Resonance (FTIR) spectrophotometry. These synthesized NANOPARTICLES were investigated for their antibacterial properties against gram-negative bacteria; E. Coli and the results revealed that at 5 and 10 mg /mL concentrations, there was a significant zone of inhibition of 12 mm and 16 mm when compared with other tested samples.

A facile mechanochemical-based method for synthesis of COPPER OXIDE (CuO) NANOPARTICLES is here by introduced. For this purpose, COPPER hydrOXIDE powder was synthesized through a facile solution method (CuSO4+2 Na (OH) ® Cu (OH)2+Na2SO4) after which milling of as-prepared Cu (OH)2 precursor and NaCl resulted in the mechanochemical dehydration of Cu (OH)2 and dispersion of CuO NANOPARTICLES into the salt matrix (Cu (OH)2+2NaCl=CuCl2+2NaOH and then CuCl2+2NaOH=CuO+2NaCl+H2O). Subsequently, washing the milled powders led to the removal of salt matrix and separation of CuO particles. The main advantages of the introduced method are synthesis of CuO NANOPARTICLES with narrow size distribution without subsequent annealing during the process. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that the dehydration of Cu (OH)2 into CuO was completed after three hours of milling. Structural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analyzer (PSA) showed that CuO particles had moderately equiaxed shape with sizes ranging from 10-27 nm. Also, the results of UV–visible absorption spectroscopy indicated that CuO NANOPARTICLES had a band gap of 2.5 eV.

Background: Candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in human and warm-blooded animals. Candida albicans, is an opportunistic pathogen in immune suppressed hosts, like HIV infected and under chemotherapy patients. Since, antifungal drugs are limited and challenged by resistance. Thus discovering agents with antifungal properties and minimum side effects and toxicity is essential. Nano-agents such as metal OXIDE nano-particles have unique properties such as high surface to volume ratio that introduce them as appropriate antimicrobial agents.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, antifungal effects of 4 nano-metal OXIDEs; magnesium OXIDE, zinc OXIDE, silicon OXIDE and COPPER OXIDE (MgO, SiO2, ZnO and CuO) were investigated in vitro against Candida albicans and compared with amphotericin B. Solution acetic acid was used for preparing NANOPARTICLES suspensions. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of these nano-particles were evaluated.Results: The results showed that MIC of nano-MgO and nano SiO2 was greater than 3200 mg/mL, but MIC and MFC of nano-ZnO was recorded 200 mg/mL and 400 μg/mL, respectively. The MIC and MFC of nano-CuO was 400 mg/mL. The MIC and MFC of amphotericin B was 0.5 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively.Conclusions: It is concluded that, ZnO and CuO NANOPARTICLES have anti C. albicans properties and may be used in treatment of infections caused by this fungus that should be investigated in vivo.

A simple method has been employed to synthesize COPPER and COPPER OXIDE NANOPARTICLES from COPPER (II) succinate precursor by thermal decomposition method using oleylamine as a capping agent. The particles synthesized with oleylamine and triphenylphosphine were well dispersed NANOPARTICLES obtained from X-ray Diffraction (XRD). The Synthesized COPPER NANOPARTICLES were characterized by UV-Visible, Fourier transfer Infrared Spectra, X-ray Diffraction, Atomic force microscope (AFM), Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Cyclic Voltammetry (CV).